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The language of flowers, sometimes called floriography, was a Victorian-era means of communication in which various flowers and floral arrangements were used to send coded messages, allowing individuals to express feelings which otherwise could not be spoken. This language was most commonly communicated through Tussie-Mussies, an art which has a following today.[citation needed]
The nuances of the language are now mostly forgotten, but red roses still imply passionate, romantic love and pink roses a lesser affection; white roses suggest virtue and chastity and yellow roses still stand for friendship or devotion. Also commonly known meanings are sunflowers, which can indicate either haughtiness or respect – they were the favorite flower of St. Julie Billiart for this reason. Gerbera (daisy) means innocence or purity. The iris, being named for the messenger of the gods in Greek mythology, still represents the sending of a message. An Anemone signifies disappearance of hope. A pansy signifies thought, a daffodil regard, and a strand of ivy fidelity.[citation needed]
There are geographic variances. For example, in Texas yellow roses represent true and undying love.[citation needed]
Symbolic meaning of flowers
| Flower | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| Acacia | Secret love | |
| Acanthus | Art | |
| Aconite | Misanthropy | |
| Agrimony | Thankfulness | |
| Aloe | Grief | |
| Almond | Promise | |
| Amaranth (Globe) | Immortal love | |
| Amaryllis | Pride | |
| Ambrosia | Love is reciprocated | |
| Anemone | Forsaken, sickness, unfading love | |
| Angrec | Royalty | |
| Apple blossom | Preference | |
| Arborvitae | Everlasting friendship | |
| Arbutus | "You're the only one I love" | |
| Arum | Ardor | |
| Asparagus | Fascination | |
| Asphodel | My regrets follow you to the grave | |
| Aster | Symbol of love, daintiness, talisman of love,trusting | |
| Azalea | Take Care, temperance, fragile, passion, Chinese symbols of womanhood | |
| Baby's breath | Innocence, pure of heart | |
| Bachelor button | Single blessedness, celibacy | |
| Balm | Social intercourse or sympathy | |
| Balsam | Ardent love | |
| Balsamine | Impatience | |
| Bay wreath | Glory | |
| Bumblebee Orchid | Industry | |
| Begonia | Beware, a fanciful nature | |
| Bellflower[disambiguation needed] | "Thinking of you" | |
| Bells of Ireland | Luck | |
| Bird's-foot Trefoil | Revenge | |
| Box | Constancy | |
| Broom | Humility | |
| Bulrush[disambiguation needed] | Docility | |
| Buttercup | Riches | |
| Cabbage | Profit | |
| Camellia japonica | Unpretending excellence | |
| Campanula | Gratitude | |
| Canterbury Bells | Gratitude | |
| Carnation | general | Fascination; distinction; love |
| red | Deep romantic love, passion, "My heart aches for you," "Alas; for my poor heart!" | |
| green | secret symbol of the followers of Oscar Wilde | |
| white | Sweet and lovely, innocence, pure love, faithfulness | |
| pink | A woman's love, a mother's love, "I'll never forget you," "Always on my mind" | |
| yellow | rejection, disdain, "You have disappointed me" | |
| purple | Capriciousness, whimsical, changeable, unreliability | |
| mauve | Dreams of fantasy | |
| striped | No, refusal, "Sorry I can't be with you" | |
| solid color | Yes, affirmative | |
| Celandine[disambiguation needed] | Joys to come | |
| Cherry blossom | A good education | |
| Transience of life (in Japan) | ||
| Feminine beauty (in China) | ||
| Chestnut | "Do me justice" | |
| China aster | Love of variety, fidelity, "I will think of you" | |
| Chrysanthemum | red | "I love" |
| yellow | Slighted love | |
| Coreopsis | Always cheerful | |
| Cowslip | Winning grace | |
| Clover | red | Industry |
| white | "I promise" | |
| Coriander | Lust | |
| Cypress | Death, mourning, despair, sorrow. | |
| Daffodil | Uncertainty, chivalry, respect or unrequited love | |
| Dahlia | Elegance and dignity | |
| Daisy | general | Innocence, loyal love, purity, faith, cheer, simplicity |
| red | Beauty unknown to possessor | |
| Dandelion | Coquetry | |
| Delphinium | The ability to transcend the bounds of space and time. | |
| Eglantine Rose | A wound to heal | |
| Elderflower | Compassion | |
| Fennel | Strength or, as in Shakespeare's Hamlet, flattery and deceit | |
| Forget-me-not | True love | |
| Fungus | Resilience, loneliness, solitude, disgust | |
| Gardenia | You're lovely, secret love, joy, sweet love, good luck | |
| Geranium | Gentility | |
| Gorse | Love in all seasons | |
| Grass | Submission | |
| Heliotrope | Devotion | |
| Hibiscus | Rare beauty, delicate beauty | |
| Hollyhock | Ambition | |
| Honeysuckle | Devoted affection, bonds of love | |
| Houseleek | Domestic economy | |
| Hydrangea | Frigidness, heartlessness | |
| Iris | Good news | |
| Ivy | Dependence, endurance | |
| Jonquil | "Return my affection" | |
| Laurestine | A token | |
| Lavender | Devotion, distrust | |
| Lemon blossom | Discretion | |
| Lettuce | Cold-hearted | |
| Lichen | Solitude | |
| Flower | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| Lilac | purple | first emotion of love |
| white | youthful innocence, memories | |
| Lily | white | Purity |
| scarlet | High-souled aspirations | |
| orange | Desire, passion | |
| Lily of the Valley | Sweetness, Humility, Returning Happiness, Trustworthy | |
| Lime Blossom | Fornication | |
| Lobelia | Malevolence | |
| Lotus | Purity, chastity and eloquence | |
| Love lies bleeding | Hopelessness | |
| Magnolia | Love of nature | |
| Mallow | Consumed by love | |
| Marigold | Pain and grief | |
| Mayflower | Welcome | |
| Mignonette | Worth | |
| Mint | Suspicion | |
| Moonflower[disambiguation needed] | Dreaming of love | |
| Morning glory | Love in vain | |
| Mullein | Good-nature | |
| Nasturtium | Patriotism | |
| Oak leaf | Strength | |
| Oats | Music | |
| Olive | Peace | |
| Orchid | Refined beauty | |
| Oxeye daisy | Patience | |
| Peach blossom | Long-life, generosity, and bridal hope | |
| Pear blossom | Lasting friendship | |
| Peony | Shame, bashfulness | |
| Prosperity, honor (in China) | ||
| Masculinity, bravery (in Japan) | ||
| Pitch pine blossom | Philosophy | |
| Plum blossom | Beauty and longevity | |
| Plumeria | Perfection, springtime, new beginnings | |
| Primrose | Eternal love | |
| Poppy | general | Eternal sleep, oblivion, imagination |
| red | Pleasure | |
| white | Consolation, dreams, modern, peace | |
| yellow | Wealth, success | |
| Rose | red | True love |
| blue | Mystery, attaining the impossible, love at first sight | |
| white | Eternal love, silence or innocence, wistfulness, virtue, purity, secrecy, reverence and humility | |
| black | Death, hatred, farewell, rejuvenation or rebirth | |
| yellow | Friendship, jealousy, infidelity, or apology, a broken heart, intense emotion, dying love, extreme betrayal | |
| pink | Grace | |
| dark pink | Gratitude | |
| light pink | Desire, passion, joy of life, youth, energy | |
| burgundy | unconscious beauty | |
| coral or orange | Desire, passion | |
| lavender (violet) | Love at first sight | |
| red and white together | United | |
| red and yellow together | Joy, happiness and excitement | |
| thornless | Love at first sight | |
| Rosemary | Remembrance | |
| Rue | Regret | |
| Sensitive Plant | Sensitivity | |
| Snowdrop | Consolation or hope | |
| Star of Bethlehem[disambiguation needed] | Hope | |
| Straw | United | |
| Sunflower | Pure and lofty thoughts | |
| Sweetbrier | Simplicity | |
| Thorn-apple | Disguise | |
| Thistle | Nobility | |
| Thyme | Thriftiness | |
| Tulip-tree | Fame | |
| Tulip | red | Declaration of love |
| yellow | Hopeless love | |
| Violet | blue | Faithfulness |
| white | Modesty | |
| Viscaria (Lychnis viscaria) | Invitation to dance | |
| Willow (creeping) | Love forsaken | |
| Winged seeds (any kind) | Messengers | |
| Witch-hazel | A magic spell | |
| Wheat | Wealth and prosperity | |
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